Mixed-Member Proportional (MMP)
An electoral system combining constituency seats (first-past-the-post) with proportional party-list seats to achieve overall proportionality.
Explanation
Mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) gives each voter two votes: one for a constituency candidate (decided by first-past-the-post) and one for a party list. The party-list seats are then allocated to correct any disproportionality created by the constituency results, so the final seat distribution roughly matches each party's overall vote share. Germany is the best-known MMP country; New Zealand adopted MMP in 1996. MMP combines the local representation of constituency systems with the proportionality of list systems. A key design question is the ratio of constituency to list seats and whether there is an electoral threshold for list seats.
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